20国集团(G20)匹兹堡峰会周五结束时，世界各国领导人承诺开创经济合作的新时代，同意了有关银行家薪酬的新规则、紧凑的监管改革时间表，以及实现经济平衡增长的新框架。

　　但会议在贸易和气候变化方面几乎毫无进展，而且许多专家怀疑，增长协议并不能真正促使主要国家改变政策。

　　法国总统尼古拉 萨科齐(Nicolas Sarkozy)表示："盎格鲁-撒克逊世界和欧洲世界各自为战的局面已不复存在。"他指出，美国已同意实施《新巴塞尔协议》(Basel II)和打击避税天堂。 欧洲各国则同意支持某种形式的银行杠杆率--这是美国的一项关键要求。

　　美国总统巴拉克 奥巴马(Barack Obama)表示，峰会为一个合作的时代奠定了基础。"我们已让全球经济悬崖勒马。"

　　奥巴马把峰会宣言与美国普通民众的繁荣联系在一起。他表示："我们必须一起行动，确保经济复苏创造新的职位和产业，同时防止出现引发这次危机的各种失衡和过度行为。"

　　G20并未规定奖金上限，但制定了相关指导原则，要求相当大部分奖金延后发放。

　　G20承诺把至少5%的国际货币基金组织(IMF)股份、至少3%的世界银行(WB)投票权，从目前份额过高的国家转移给新兴经济体。

　　英国首相戈登 布朗(Gordon Brown)表示："有关奖金的承诺将结束不可接受、不光彩的旧体制。"

　　英国《金融时报》克里什纳 古哈(Krishna Guha)、爱德华 卢斯(Edward Luce)、克里斯 贾尔斯(Chris Giles)、吉迪恩 拉赫曼(Gideon Rachman)匹兹堡报道

　　G20引领全球经济？ 不到一年前，乔治.W.布什(George W. Bush)匆匆召集了20个主要经济体领导人集会，以应对全球危机；本周，20国集团(G20)被推到了国际经济决策的最前沿。

　　奥巴马政府在一份声明中表示，G20领导人已经"达成了一项历史性协定，将G20置于他们工作的中心位置，共同努力，打造一轮持续的复苏，同时避免导致本次危机的金融脆弱性"。

　　G20消息来源表示，新的权力将不会意味着放弃G7、G8等其它集团，而是G20将重点对付经济议题，而G8将主要应对国际关系和外交政策。 但观察人士周五辩称，各国领导人有关G20重要性的说法有所夸大。尽管G8往往被视为过于笨拙，不能作出有效的决策，但G20的工作很可能将被证明更加棘手。本周来自匹兹堡的公报篇幅冗长，但明显缺乏实质性内容。

　　"世界经济已经发生的戏剧性变化，并没有一直在全球经济合作的架构中得到体现，"白宫在另一份声明中表示。"这种情况从今天开始改变，[借助] 历史性协定，将G20置于工作的中心位置，共同努力，打造一轮持续的复苏。"

　　英国首相戈登.布朗(Gordon Brown)更进一步，称G20这一新集团"在提供成果的机会方面超过二战以来任何事物。"

　　在象征意义层面，此举非常重要，因为它使经济合作的体系跟上了全球经济格局的变化--十多年来，这些变化一直十分明显，尤其是在经济重心从西方向东方的迅速转移方面。G20这个新俱乐部拥有6个亚洲成员国，即中国、日本、印度、韩国、印尼和澳大利亚。G8只有日本一个亚洲成员国。

　　但是，G20这个新集团成员十分多元化，包括阿根廷、土耳其和欧盟轮值主席国，还有作为观察员的西班牙、荷兰、联合国等等，这一事实似乎意味着，真正的工作将由范围较小的小组委员会完成。在一个G字头集团越来越多的世界上，值得注意的是由美国和中国两国组成、有G2之称的集团。

　　本周G20匹兹堡峰会期间，许多人提到，与除了美国以外的其它任何与会国家相比，中国代表团的规模与阵容都更胜一筹。

　　"如果你想要知道世界将做些什么，那就搞清楚美国的立场，再搞清楚中国的立场，然后在中间的某个地方划一条线，"美国前总统克林顿主政期间的高级官员大卫.罗斯科夫(David Rothkopf)表示。"谈到G20，其实效率更高的做法是把加拿大和意大利踢出G8，邀请中国和印度取而代之。但是，政府间的合作总是有益的，这种合作永远不会有坏处。"

　　世界的变迁也可能让全球官方多边机构不安。联合国秘书长潘基文(Ban Ki-Moon)周五在接受英国《金融时报》采访时表示，他到匹兹堡来是为了提醒G20各国领导人：世界上85%的国家缺席他们的会议。G20国家占全球收入的85%。

　　"就政府间合作而言，仍只有一个包容全体的机构，那就是联合国大会，"他表示。"我已敦促出席G20峰会的各国领导人，在各个层面都将联合国视为关键合作伙伴。"

　　他表示，其中一个这样的领域就是气候变化谈判，这些谈判仍在联合国框架之内，但G20对此的兴趣越来越浓厚。

　　潘基文周五促请世界各国领导人每年拿出2500亿美元，帮助世界上最贫穷的国家采用新技术，以应对全球变暖问题，而富国实际愿意提供的援助远低于这个数目。

　　至于G8，观察人士急于指出，该集团将保留讨论全球安全的角色。

　　进一步让人迷惑的是，将主持明年G8峰会的加拿大总理史蒂芬.哈珀(Stephen Harper)周五表示，他将在G8加拿大峰会前后，邀请G20国家部长到加拿大开会。韩国将在明年主办实际的G20峰会。

　　"这些峰会将各有不同，"哈珀表示。换言之，其中一个峰会将十分重要，而另一个则不会那么重要。 By Krishna Guha , Edward Luce , Chris Giles and Gideon Rachman in Pittsburgh 2009-09-27 World leaders promised a new era of economic co-operation at the close of the G20 summit in Pittsburgh on Friday, endorsing new guidelines for bankers' pay, a tight timetable for regulatory reform and a new framework for balanced growth. But little progress was made on trade or climate change and many experts expressed doubt that the accord on growth would actually result in policy changes by leading nations. "There is no longer an Anglo-Saxon world and a European world," said Nicolas Sarkozy, the French president, highlighting US agreement to implement the Basel II capital accord and a crackdown on tax havens. European nations agreed to support some form of bank leverage ratio a key US demand. President Barack Obama said the summit laid the ground for an era of co-operation. "We've brought the global economy back from the brink," he said. Mr Obama linked the summit's declaration with the prosperity of ordinary Americans. "We need to act together to make sure our recovery creates new jobs and industries, while preventing the kinds of imbalances and abuse that led us into this crisis." The G20 did not endorse a cap on bonus payments but established guidelines requiring a large proportion to be paid in deferred compensation. The G20 pledged to shift at least 5 per cent of the shares in the IMF to emerging economies from over-represented nations, and transfer at least 3 per cent vote share in the World Bank. "The commitment on bonuses will bring an end to the unacceptable and disgraced old system," said Gordon Brown, the UK prime minister. Less than a year after George W. Bush cobbled together a meeting of the leading economies to deal with the global meltdown, the G20 was yesterday put at the forefront of -international economic policy making. In a statement the White House said the leaders had "reached a historic agreement to put the G20 at the centre of their efforts to work together to build a durable recovery while avoiding the financial fragilities that led to the crisis". G20 sources said the new powers would not come from abolishing other groups such as the G7 or G8, but the G20 would focus on economic issues while the G8 would deal primarily with international relations and foreign policy. But observers yesterday argued that leaders' claims about the importance of the G20 were exaggerated. While the G8 was often seen as too unwieldy to take effective decisions, the G20 is likely to prove even more painstaking. Yesterday's communiqu from Pittsburgh was verbose, and notably short on substance. "Dramatic changes in the world economy have not always been reflected in the global architecture for economic co-operation," said the White House in a separate statement. "This all started to change today [with the] . . . historic agreement to put the G20 at the centre of efforts to work together to build a durable recovery." Gordon Brown, the UK prime minister, went even further, describing the new body as offering "more chance of delivering results than anything since the second world war." At a symbolic level, the move is very important since it brings the system of economic co-operation up to date with changes to the global economy that have been apparent for more than a decade - notably the rapid shift of economic gravity from west to east. The new club has six Asian members, including China, Japan, India, South Korea, Indonesia and Australia. The G8 had just one, Japan. But the fact that the new body includes members as diverse as Argentina, Turkey and the presidency of the EU - in addition to the observer status for Spain and the Netherlands, the United Nations and so on - suggests its real work will be done by smaller sub-committees. In a world of proliferating G-groups, the one to watch is that nicknamed "G2" between the US and China. Many in Pittsburgh have remarked upon the size and sophistication of China's delegation compared to any other participant barring the US. "If you want to find out what the world is going to do then take the US position and take China's position and draw a line somewhere in the middle," said David Rothkopf a former senior official in the Clinton administration. "As regards the G20, it would have been more efficient to kick Canada and Italy out of the G8 and invite China and India to replace them. But intergovernmental co-operation always adds, it never subtracts." The shift may also prove unsettling to the world's formal multilateral institutions. In an interview with the Financial Times yesterday, Ban Ki-Moon, UN secretary-general, said he was in Pittsburgh to remind G20 leaders that 85 per cent of the world's countries were not represented at the meeting. The G20 accounts for 85 per cent of global income. "There is still only one universal body for intergovernmental co-operation and that is the UN General Assembly," he said. "I have urged leaders at the G20 to see the UN as its vital partner at all levels." One such area, he said, was in climate change negotiations, which remains within the UN framework but where the G20 has taken a growing interest. Mr Ban yesterday asked world leaders to supply $250bn (?70bn,