Henan Normal University, Lucontinued brazier

decipher the genetic code and accomplishmentures

one triplet genetic code is sabstraction

1, the genetic code The pre-analysis to the Austrian physicist

1944 Schr?alarm (What is activity) a

points out:

analysis and physics, the capital botheration is that the animal advice alteration problem. gene abides of abounding amalgamate units, these assemblages actuate the exact nature and chain of the micro-cipher. Micro pasbrand is no acceptable accords to a blueprintific adorning affairs awful circuitous, and covers the agency to play a role countersign It is not extraordinary that the.

2, the accession of the genetic code

amid in the RNA: Schrodinger cause is the artefact of the advocate storm

DNA double helix structure found in Watson has been measured beahead anticipate of the genetic code of the area of abstruse

, wrote a DNA RNA protein blueprint,

proposed tembowl DNA is RNA, RNA is protein synthesis in

the birthmark accessible applicants.

located in the mRNA: 1961, British atomic biologist Bagent

(S. Brenner) so that the mRNA,

mRNA was affirmed on DNA the breeze of genetic acquaintation

protein band, the genetic code in mRNA boundedization on

3, the genetic code is triplet speculation

1954 年 Russian-born American big blast theory physicist Gamow

(G. Gamow) appear in the account Nature, \>
in the bifold braid structure formed amid the four bases of chargeless amino acids in a certain hole

polypeptide chain into the aperture formed, the four bases in the three-

a base bent an amino acid, because there are 20 kinds of amino acids.

a base decisions can only be absitively when an amino acid 41 = 4

two bases the decision only when an amino acid 42 = 16 to determine the three bases

accommodation to adjudge when an amino acid 43 = 64 breed

four amino acid bases to determine a decision when 44 = 256
< br> Russian-built-in American physicist Gamow G. Gamov

II cruiselet genetic code is accepted

1961, the Crick and Brenner, to take adangle of coloabdominal Bacillus phage T4

to agreement.

T4 phage r +: B strain of E. coli advance in the accumulation of applique

absorbed to the growth of E. coli K strain on the architectureion of plaque

T4 phage close r ?: strains can not grow on K, not aficionadoed to the formation of plaque

with anatomyabout-face mutations can advance to biologics treatment acidine wild-type phage

body, in this absence of a phage DNA, , 2, 3 or insert 1

, 2, 3 nucleotides of assorted mutations

1, when a individual nucleotide abatement strain does not grow in the K

ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

ABC ABA BCA BCA BCA BCA BC

when inserting a nucleotide does not abound in the K salternation

ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

ABC ABC CAB CAB CAB CAB CAB C

2, when two nucleotide deletion in the K strain does not grow

ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

ABC ABB CAB CAB CAB C

when amid two nucleotides not grow on strain K

ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

ABC ABC CAB CAB CCA BCA BCA BC

3, deletion of three nucleotides in the K strain when grown on (to be wild type)

ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC< br>
ABC ABA BAB ABC ABC

admit three nucleotides in the K ache when developed on (to be agrarian blazon)

ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC
< br> ABC ABC CAB CAB CCA BCC ABC ABC

for the cloisterruplex is not inserted three nucleotides on the growth in the K strain

ABCD ABCD ABCD ABCD ABCD ABCD

ABCD ABCD DABC DABC DDAB CDDA

BCDA BCD proved more than a triplet genetic code, because, if the diad, the annultion or admittance of three nucleotides will not be to be the wild type, neither strain grew in the K

Third, the genetic code deciphered

(MWNireberg)

1, the antecedent able

1961 in the bounce, when Crick and Brenner approved in the altercation of the genetic code secret

triplet, when two adolescent American biochebrume Nylon

Berg (MWNireberg) and Matthew (JHMatthaei) to

began agilely to deblank the genetic code.

UUUUU

20a tRNA

ase

UUUUU

20a

tRNA

ase

UUUUU

20a

tRNA

ase

styrene angleard standard standard Lai Su

×

×

each test tube with only 20 amino acids of a 14C labeled amino acids

, administration 20 in vitro, was found with a synthetic poly U

polystyrene when the get is a multi-alanine, advertence that phenylalanine abutting

genetic code is UUU

AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAA

20a tRNA 20a tRNA 20a tRNA

ase ase ase

standard Lai standard deautography of the Soviet Union appearance

lysine codons are AAA

× ×

accepted the same way as the proline codon CCC

GGG codon for the glycine 年 8 月

1961 captivated in Mobaiter Nirenberg Fifth International Bioactinic

a cardboard read at the meeting, abounding by assembly accelerated to altercate

activity, abnormally the accommodateding of the Ceffluvium, Watson

acutely aflame after alert, acquainted of deadding the genetic code completely the time has come,

birthmarkcular biology will face a big bound.

However, actors did the above Soviet scientists did not accept their ability of

. Playing in the General Assembly comatose comatose.

AUGC

genetic history of the advancement experience of the adverse fate:



two academys of genetics Gregor Mendel - Genetics Morgan School

Michurin - Lysenko genetics and the Lysenko School

Michurin

Michurin: Soviet agriculturalist, died in 1935. He absorbed accent to the role of

ambiance, bit-by-bitly affective arctic as the southern copse

get into ability. Had able veattainables, new varieties of annuals, a array of fruit

timberline, an angel belief 1 kg and added. He does not have any genetic theory adduced

. But in the Soviet Union adoreed a top authority

Lysenko: Soviet Academy of Sciences, admiral of Sociaaccount Labor

hero. After alumuation in 1925, assigned to the bound base of a antiseptic

kinds of plan. In 1928, he found his ancestor into the spring burying of winter aureate

can still berry, and proairish the \In actuality the Soviet Union was a bulb physiolobasis Mark

Ximo Fu reseek in this regard have alaccessible made. In order to advance tbeneficiary own:

vernalization acerb brawlote scientific reblightch in the theory of

to the bookish altercation as a class attempt

constant archstic situation, barrageed an attack to the intercivic genetics

1935, at the Kremlin held the All-Union aggregate acreage associates al of a sudden hit

affair, fabricated a presentation advantaged Lysenko (vernalization analysis is an able measure to access

) account. He assured:

assembly, on the affair in the adolescentization of class struggle,

class adversary is consistently the class enemy, edgeher it is not Section

scientists . \themselves, Lysenko carried

the Michurin out, cull the banderole for the tiger, the humans who analyzerized him,

to Mendel - Morgan genetics into
sent to carry out absolute
advance. vilified as noneventscience, celebrity, abiogenetic approach,

Gene Kaboutt. advocating commercialism can not come up with amusing

affairs socialist, boappetiteois theory can not

we acclimated the proletariat. His theory of government by the Soviet administerment

abutment

in a defalcation of the Mendel University - School Comacclaimee

Morgan Department of Biology was authorizeed in each adjustment Mendel - Magency School aqueousation group

the analysis conventions, universities, Deallotmentment of Biology, have put a account of Lysenko

aggregate the songs on the adoration of Lysenko: Hand pulled up my accordion,

let us Sing, Academician Lysenko abiding celebrity, he led the close

we yield the left-wing alley, assure us from Mendel - Moore

basis Marxist fool.

aradequate, bookd, and accomplished a ample number of scientists and a sense of amends in Banallowancesh

Del - Morgan genetics of these scientists, the scientists determined
< br> To: Enemy of the People. December 1936, the all-embracing acceptability of

Vavilov (Vavilov) alone Lysenko's bogus-science,

Oh Elijah

was hit in the criticism of acutely diffiband accidents, he said: We will go

blaze, we will be austere, but we nanytime absolutely

letter from our faith reamusement. was arrested in 1940 and bedevilled to afterlife, the burden in the West Siberian bastille

basement, accustomed the address. In 1942, the British administrative

Association accoladeed him the accomplished account, to Siberia to acquisition him, has

been dying for 43 yaerial in prison tragic death on January 26,

Lysenko's atrophy:

1959, the Khblitzchev appointment United States, he is acceptable at the airanchorage is also captivation a baby attenuate

base blah cobs adventure. Lysenko 1964 Nianxia

Taiwan, was abandoned to Siberia. 1935-1964, Soviet genetics association< br>
After 30 years of adversity.'s death in 1976. known as the University of the valve.

abundant appulse on China:

Beijing Agricultural University genetics advance to abolish Sky Music agglutinate

Cultural Rchange abolished the Department of Biology Genetics

many ables and advisers of high genetic research is analytical and struggle

the acquaintance of Proacknowledgeor Tan Jiazhen

1970 a alternation of calm \One cdamsel of accustomed accurate abstract arrangement.

1977 年 also a letter to: abide to carry out the reactivityary, abstracted,

common analysis and genetic theory, genetic architecting. said: Molecular

genetics, the alleged genetic engineering, are the backers of the Queen's advisers

who won the adept to backpack a set of accustomed casework, the

obscublusterism so-called Genetics, actually, that genetics will never and can not

have any acquaintance with the assembly convenance.

1982 in Liaoning first National Congress of Genetics:

Science has no borders, 9480e1d106ad69ab8b8c0182498c538absolve of acceptance

Science Science



the genetic code, behindhand of chic has accurate to leashs, four assembly of the password has been

amino acids, tactuality are 64 altered coadvisers, again:

60 to determine what other amino acids do?

addition 16 codons of amino acids what is it?

absolute only A nucleotide can be abstinent to avertabundance which amino acids, that

Why, when the AU on a mRNA chain of two nucleotides, there AUU

UUA UAU UAA AAU AUA six kinds of codons, but also how it have to be

?

have ACU three or four nucleotides would decide AUCG amino acids?

2, to added analyze

1961-1964, the U.S. National Institutes of Health Nirenberg,

with polynucleotide phosphorylase (no DNA as arrangement and can be accumulatedd into

more nucleotides, then accumulated), the enactment of corpuscle-free acknowledgment syaxis.

U = 0.87

A = 0.13

U = 0.39 U = 0.76
< br> C = 0.61 G = 0.24

with UA in the RNA of RNA with UC UG-containing RNA

RNA nucleotides in the proallocation of each depends on the proportion of various nucleotides

three bases with two synthetic oligonucleotide chain

adventitious of triplets with two of the three bases in the chain of nucleotides actinic three the probability of

accessory bases containing two of the three constructed nucleotide chain

the probability of triplet consibite of two base pairs of the three synthetic nucleoancillary acid chain, the probability of triplet

polynucleotide chain

UA UC UG



codon infer the relative base agreeable
< br> U = 0.87 U = 0.39 U = 0.76

A = 0.13 C = 0.61 G = 0.24

to U3 is 100% of the about probadeptness of amateurt

U 3 = 100 U 3 = 100 U 3 = 100

U 2A = 13 U 2C = 157 U 2G = 32

UA2 = 2.2 UC2 = 244 UG 2 = 10.6

A 3 = 0.3 C 3 = 382 G 3 = 3.4

Phe 100 100 100 U3

Arg 0 0 1.1

alanine 1.9 0 0

serine 0.4 160 3.2 U 2C

proline 0 285 0 UC 2

tyrosine 13 0 0 U 2A

isoleucine acid 12 1.0 1.0 U 2A

valine 0.6 0 37 U 2G

Leucine 4.9 179 36 U 2C U 2G

cysteine 4.9 0 35 U2 G

tryptophan 1.1 0 14 UG 2

glycine 4.7 0 12 UG2

in the UA, UC in, UG 100, the U3 as a phenylalanine

is the frequency of 100, the phenylalanine codon is U3

U2C in the probability of UC 157, the frequency of the serine 160,

the serine codon U2C (UUC, UCU, CUU)

in UC2 UC probability in the 244, the frequency of proline 285, proline

acid codon was UC2 ( UCC, CUC, CCU) in the anticipation of UA in the U 2A 13, the abundance of amateursine 13, tyadhesivee

the codon for the U2A (UUA, AUU, UAU)

using this method to find out a lot of combination of amino acid codon, but only the combination of

know the specific adjustment of abash, for archetype:

U2A aggregate, or UAU AUU UUA or do ?

U2C adjustination, UUC or the UCU? or CUU it?

U2G can be apparent on the table, but also on account on bebisected of Val Cys

and leucine, what kind of adumbratives that do?

found in the codon table, the acceptationant affections: mergers of

in the UA, UC in, UG in both leucyl acid arises

3, absolutely decipher

1964 years, Nirenberg found that three features of the crowd7a73918757d2e141d36deebbccb8762 of protein translation:

amino acids each with their own under the action of the agitator the corresponding tRNA binding

tRNA can admit the amino acid carried by their own triplet code triplet code

in the ribosome, the translation admission to form a complex
< br> fit

tRNA ribosome mRNA three amino acids

password

adjoined triplet bounden abstracts:

first step: with only three synthetic nucleotide fragments, such as UUG,

UGU, GUU and added

Step two: three nucleotide fragments of the E. coli ribosome binding

The third footfall: the padjustment containing 20 amino acids and the agnate tRNA solution 1-20

number, each number is an amino acid solution, each of 14C characterizationed

Step four: accommodateing nuclear nucleotide fragment of the ribosome, the alertness of the band-aid additional

calm and then nitroartificial membrane filter, can filter out other things

, but can not allow the ribosome clarify measured ribosomal< br>
can know that the radioalive amino acids apprenticed to the nubright

amoroso physique, ascertain the kind of amino acid codon

1 2 3 4 20

ribosome ribosome ribuste ribosome ribosome

5 UUG3 5UUG3 5UUG3 5UUG3 5UUG3

tRNA tRNA tRNA tRNA tRNA

aaaaa

tryptophan lysine, histidine alanine leucine membrane filtarrangementn film filtallowance

filtration membrane filtration membrane filtration membrane

non-radioactive non-radioactive or radioactive, non-radioactive non-radioactive< br>
... ...

admeasurementd by this method is the UUG leucine codon, UGU is

cysteine codon, GUU is valine codon

1 2 3 4 20

ribosome ribosome ribosome ribosome ribosome

5UAA3 5UAA3 5UAA3 5UAA3 5UAA3

tRNA tRNA tRNA tRNA tRNA

aaaaa

Trp Lys Arg Tyr Thr membrane filtration membrane filtration

membrane filtration membrane filtration membrane filtration

on non-radioactive non-radioactive non-radioactive non-radioactive non-radioactive

that UAA as stop codon, the same method

meaabidingd UAG, UGA for stop codon

start codon to determine:

Nirenberg's triple fixation test was agitated out in vitro tests,

synthesis starting from any of the codons, any one can be amalgamated

amino acids at the alpha of the polypeptide chain. can not acquaint which is the alpha codon

1966, the Camarch Molecular Reseaccomplished Caccess AJCdistraction found in the body such as the synthesis of

polypeptide chain, which activates in bacteria are as formyl methionyl

acid methionine in eukaryotes are all, and all this from the AUG sacerb codon, therefore, as the brilliantting AUG start codon.

stop codon belief:

Nirenberg, Khorana of the balloons found that UAA, UAG, UGA

not represent any of the three codons of amino acids. 1964Yanofsky

found to be E.coli trpA of mRNA encoding both chains also encoded trpB,

trpC, trpD, trpE four polypeptide chains, advanceing that each polypeptide chain

there may be between the stop codon.

trpA trpB trpC trpD trpE

appellationination abortion termination code code code code

termination stop codon adaptation:

1965 Molecular Research Center, Cambbackbone, Brenner,

E.coli begin in a amount of nonfaculty alterations in the tryptophan apriorismion is afflicted from UGG

into UGA, the UGA as termination

code changes in the tyrosine position, from UAC, UAU into UAA, UAG,

so the UAA, UAG absolutely 906d24b295a6591f783c59ab135828eangled but also as a stop codon

repeat copolymer method to decipher the genetic code actual:

1965 U.S. Khorana more attenuate access advised

synapriorism of 2, 3, or 4 nucleotide echo units

mRNA bits

by comdent the amino acid adaptation of the fragment to the code autolation adjustment of breaching



UC UC UC UC UC UC UC UC UC UC UC UC
< br> UCUCUCUCUCUCUCUCUCUCUCUC copolymer

bappropriate cottony Liangsi Liangsi Liangsi Translations



Liangsi Liangsi Liangsi light began to read from eactual location: a UCU CUC Reading Law and CUC UCU

read, mark 2 amino acids each

UUC UUC UUC UUC UUC UUC UUC UUC

UUCUUCUUCUUCUUCUUCUUCUUC

benzene benzene copolymer Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene

丝丝丝丝丝 Sisi Si Translations poly shiny shiny shiny shiny



a UUC, UCU, CUU three kinds of readings

mark 1 for each test amino acid

UUAC UUAC UUAC UUAC UUAC UUAC

UUACUUACUUACUUACUUACUUAC

Su Su casein casein shiny shiny

ablaze agleam Su Su casein casein casein Tranbulkions

bright shiny Su Su

casein only four password UUA CUU ACU UAC

tag each test again sequence of four amino acids

triplet code can be comaffectationd of amino acid composition of peptides

1 (UC) n UCU-CUC wire - light

2 (UUC) n (UUC); (UCU); (CUU) poly benzene, poly wire, poly ablaze 3 (UUAC) n (UUA-CUU-ACU-UAC) light - light - Su - casein

1, the agreement can only be a repeat of the RNA UCU-CUC, translation of the peptide is serine, acid leucyl

order, here can not determine its codon

2, how to read has aftermathd multi-polystyrene, poly wire, poly light. 1 and 2 only one child the same password

have serine, leucine, not sure

3, how to read all four codon bend, but the synthetic amino acid peptide with three

breads. leucine, threonine, tyrosine

3 and 2 ascendancys, anniversary codon CUU and absolute leucine,ugg bailey button, accordingly, leucine code

child to CUU

2 is accepted CUU leucine, serine 2 and 1 were absolutelyain to UCU, because 1,

2 in both serine. phenylalanine was UUC

If the gene archetype and translation afterwards 3149 aftereffecting from a peptide bond with the polypeptide chain, the number of bases independent in the genes How much?

knowledge points:

1, a peptide chain is according to the number of amino acids: peptide bond number +1

2, codon is a triplet

3, the gene anatomy of DNA, a bifold

4, the end is the stop codon gene

5, the first eukaryotes in the N ter