复习计划

词汇

快速多次背单词

六级词汇量：6000（2000个高中词汇；四级词汇2200个；1800

个六级单词）

注意：北大的文章侧重于英美报刊原文，用词非常活，词汇量在 10000左右。

2个小时：80-100个

背单词的时候要克服不良习惯

考博中用不到单词拼写

写作议论文中的四种类型：

（1）大事

（2）和个人成长有关的小事

（3）要支持的好事

（4）要抨击的坏事

背单词重点背动词和形容词

精读历年真题

精读

（1）把文章中的每个单词都要认识

（2）把文章中的每句话都分析

长句的分析：结构；修饰成分；

分析文章结构

分析题目

分析选项

所选文章的类型：

1、六级和考研考过的文章

2、专四、专八和托福中的文章

六级和考研测试的方向：close reading

1、通过真题学会基本的语言

2、获得所考院校考试的基本方式、模式及解题思路

定量，定范围做泛读

泛读训练的目标：

1、练速度

2、练猜测和跳跃

3、文章背景，学科背景

定范围原则：

和要考的目标学校的难度、风格、选材类似的文章

1、《英美报刊选读》《英美时文选读》

2、对自己院校模式不确定的按照清华模式，四、六级模式，中级模式去训练

（1）《英语文摘》

（2）《英语世界》

（3）《英语学习》

（4）《英语沙龙》

3、泛读一些六级历年考过的文章

作模拟题，复习语法

作模拟题

和所考试题类型相似的模拟题

1、定语从句

先行词，关系代词

限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句

模式： n.+that/which...从句

同谓语从句也是n.+that从句

2、分词状语

（1）现在分词：表示主动

（2）过去分词：表示被动

3、独立主格结构 补充，插入

I came in，(with) a book in my hand.

4、名词性从句

主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同谓语从句

5、虚拟语气

（1）用虚拟的时候，说话的真实意思与字面意思相反。

（2）虚拟语气的时态要往后退一格。

和将来相反用现在时；

和现在相反用过去时；

和过去相反用过去完成时；

不要买：《朗文英语语法》《张道真英语语法》《薄冰英语语法》

考博三步走

第一步扫描提干

1、归纳共性词-只要出现了两次以上，则该概念基本上就是本文的核心线索。

2、重点关注问原因的题干。

3、重点关注有“author”字眼的题干。

例子Passage 15

Real policemen, both Britain and the United States hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see on TV—if they ever get home in time. There are similarities, of course, but the cops don't think much of them.

The first difference is that a policeman's real life revolves round the law. Most of his training is in criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and rain, running down an alley after someone he has to talk to.

Little of his time is spent in chatting to scantily clad ladies or in dramatic confrontations with desperate criminal. He will spend most of his working life typing millions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty—or not—of stupid, petty crimes.

Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal; as soon as he's arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks—where failure to produce results reflects on the standing of the police—little effort is spent on searching. The police have an elaborate machinery which eventually shows up most wanted men.

Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of different evidence. Much of this has to be given by people who don't want to get involved in a court case. So as well as being overworked, a detective has to be out at all hours of the day and night interviewing his witnesses and persuading them, usually against their own best interests, to help him.

A third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant moral twilight in which the real one lives. Detectives are subject to two opposing pressures: first as members of a police force they always have to behave with absolute legality, secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways.

If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple mindedness—as he sees it—of citizens, social workers, doctors, law makers, and judges, who, instead of stamping out crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine tenths of their work is reaching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rather cynical.

1．It is essential for a policeman to be trained in criminal law ______.

A. so that he can catch criminals in the streets

B. because many of the criminals he has to catch are dangerous

C. so that he can justify his arrests in court

D. because he has to know nearly as much about law as a professional lawyer

2．The everyday life of a policeman or detective is ______.

A. exciting and glamorous

B. full of danger

C. devoted mostly to routine matters

D. wasted on unimportant matters

3．When murders and terrorist attacks occur the police ______.

A. prefer to wait for the criminal to give himself away

B. spend a lot of effort on trying to track down their man

C. try to make a quick arrest in order to keep up their reputation

D. usually fail to produce results

4．The real detective lives in “an unpleasant moral twilight” because ______.

A. he is an expensive public servant

B. he must always behave with absolute legality

C. he is obliged to break the law in order to preserve it

D. he feels himself to be cut off from the rest of the world

5．Detectives are rather cynical because ______.

A. nine tenths of their work involves arresting people

B. hardly anyone tells them the truth

C. society does not punish criminals severely enough

D. too many criminals escape from jail

例子Passage 1

A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.

It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith．(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.)Foreign made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.

All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.

How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self doubt has yielded to blind pride．“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quickwitted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government．“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”

1．The U. S．achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱ because ______．

[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal

[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before

[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors

[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy

2．The loss of U. S．predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ______.

[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market

[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises

[C]machinetool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions

[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market

3．What can be inferred from the passage?

[A]It is human nature to shift between self doubt and blind pr

[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.

[C]The revival of the economy depends on international

cooperation.

[D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development.

4．The author seems to believe the revival of the U. S．economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ______．

[A]turning of the business cycle

[B]restructuring of industry

[C]improved business management

[D]success in education

第二步通读全文抓住中心

1、通读全文：

通读也称略读或跳读，是以抓住文章主旨和文章结构为目的的一 种快速阅读方式。

通读中要把握两个原则：

（1）首段原则：文章的第一段或前四分之一尽量逐字逐句读懂，如遇到不懂的信息，有必要重复和回读。

①英美人文章观点80%出现在第一段或前四分之一处。

②文章的第一段或前四分之一处是命题的重点。

（2）首末句原则（主题句原则）：其余各段重点抓住段落主 旨（往往分布在首句或末句或转折后）。在主旨明确的基础上，细节、数字、论据、引言等信息可粗略阅读或跳过不读。

2、抓住中心：抓住中心就是明确下面三个问题

（1）本文的话题是什么

（2）文章主旨和各段大意

（3）作者的态度和倾向性

第三步分清题型，避免错误陷阱

标准化考试中基本分成九种题型：

1、细节题

2、主旨题

3、判断正误题

4、生词短语题

5、例证题

6、推理题 infer imply

（1）真推理：答案文中没说过，但是依据原文理应成立。

（2）假推理：不需要推理，看哪个选项是符合原文的。

7、句子理解题

8、作者态度题

9、指代题

错误答案的七种设计方式：

1、偷换概念

2、正反混淆

（1）较难词替换

（2）单数否定（基数否定）

3、时态错误

4、扩大范围（逻辑上）

5、无中生有（无关常识）

6、答非所问（尤其是细节题）

7、虚拟语气

Passage 14

What do consumers really want? That's a question market researchers would love to answer. But since people don't always say what they think, marketers would need direct access to consumers' thoughts to get the truth.

Now, in a way, that is possible. At the “Mind of the Market” laboratory at Harvard Business School, researchers are looking inside shoppers' skulls to develop more effective advertisements and marketing pitches. Using imaging techniques that measure blood flow to various parts of the brain, the Harvard team hopes to predict how consumers will react to particular products and to discover the most effective ways to present information. Stephen Kosslyn, a professor of psychology at Harvard, and business school professor Gerald Zaltman, oversee the lab．“The goal is not to manipulate peoples' preferences,” says Kosslyn, “just to speak to their actual desires.” The group's findings, though still preliminary, could radically change how firms develop and market new products.

The Harvard group use position emission topography (PET) scans to monitor the brain activity. These PET scans, along with other non-invasive imaging techniques; enable researchers to see which parts of the brain are active during specific tasks (such as remembering a worD.．Correlations have been found between blood flow to specifc areas and future behavior. Because of this, Harvard researchers believe the scans can also predict future purchasing patterns. According to an unpublished paper the group produced, “It is possible to use these techniques to predict not only whether people will remember and have specific emotional reactions to certain materials, but also whether they will be inclined to want those materials months later.”

The Harvard group is now moving into the next stage of experiments. They will explore how people remember advertisements as part of an effort to predict how they will react to a product after having seen an ad. The researchers believe that once key areas of the brain are identified, scans on about two dozen volunteers will be enough to draw conclusions about the reactions of specific segments of the population. Large corporations-including Coca Cola, Eastman Kodak, General Motors, and Hallmark-have already signed up to fund further investigations.

For their financial support, these firms gain access to the experiments but cannot control them. If Kosslyn and Zaltman and their team really can read the mind of the market, then consumers may find it even harder to get those advertising jingles out of their heads.

1．Which of the following statements can be the best title for this passage?

A. Reading the Mind of the Market

B. Controlling the Consumers' Preferences

C. Improving the Styles of Advertising

D. Finding Out the Way to Predict

2．Why do the Harvard researchers use scientific technology in the experiments?

A. Because they don't believe the surveys done by the marketers can lead to the truth.

B. Because they are asked by the marketers to find a direct way to read the consumers' thoughts.

C. Because they want to find out how the ads influence people's brain activity and emotional responses etc.

D. Because they expect that their experiments can basically alter the marketing strategies of products.

3．Which of the following is not true according to the passage?

A. Sometimes people will conceal what they think when being questioned by the market researchers.

B. Stephen Kosslyn and Gerald Zaltman overlook the experiments and criticize the purpose of the study.

C. Harvard researchers have found the corresponding relations between people's brain and behavior.

D. There are many large organizations endorsing and financing the Harvard group's further investigation.

4．What does “to speak to” in the last sentence of the second paragraph mean?

A. to talk to

B. to say to

C．to communicate to

D. to respond to

5．The last sentence of this passage implies that ______.

A. If the experiments' results can be applied to the practice, the customers will be very likely to buy things according to the ads.

B. If the Harvard group can succeed in finishing the research, they will use it in attracting more and more and more and more consumers into the market.

C. The financial supporting corporations such as Coca Cola, General Motors can employ the experiments in their own marketing.

D. The consumers may discover that those ads will always annoy them by jingling out of their heads and cause them headaches.

Passage 16

Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher's pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened．“Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.

The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.

Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

1．“Creationism” in the passage refers to ______.

(A) evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe

(B) a notion of the creation of religion

(C) the scientific explanation of the earth formation

(D) the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe

2．Kitcher's book is intended to ______.

(A) recommend the views of the evolutionists

(B) expose the true features of creationists

(C) curse bitterly at this opponents

(D) launch a surprise attack on creationists

3．From the passage we can infer that ______.

(A) reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate

(B) creationists do not base their argument on reasoning

(C) evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists

(D) creationism is supported by scientific findings

4．This passage appears to be a digest of ______.

(A) a book review (B) a scientific paper

(C) a magazine feature (D) a newspaper editorial

Passage 2

Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70yearolds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.

There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle class India compared to the tribes.

For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.” No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.

1．What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?

[A] A lack of mates.

[B] A fierce competition.

[C] A lower survival rate.

[D] A defective gene.

2．What does the example of India illustrate?

[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.

[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.

[C]The middle class population is 80%